The Effects of the European Industrial Revolution - 785 Words

The industrial revolution was when changes in agriculture, manufacturing, work ethics, transportation and technology became more advanced. The revolution made social economics and culture prosper. This spread during the 18th and 19th century in Europe. Europe was the first place to start this revolution because it had the resources to advance technology and it was politically stable. Most people made a living in small towns and were farmers. A large amount of people at the time were poor, and malnourished, disease was also a common issue to encounter. The European industrial revolution changed this and nearly every aspect of daily life was impacted in some way. The revolution was so successful that it influenced another one. For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before. This means that the european industrial revolution brought on this change of population in many areas. Most places grew and expanded with the amount of people that prospered in it. The part about â€Å"Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before†, means that the european industrial revolution was the start and the cause of waves of migration. Population grew because death rates decreased and birth rates increased. Town’s rural industries grew along with trade. The economy called for more people to fill in jobs such as harvesters.Show MoreRelatedEffects Of The Industrial Revolution On European Societies906 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution caused great change in the ways European countries produced goods. The Revolution encompassed the years 1750 through 1850, and generated many innovations and ideas that have changed European service industries forever. The effects of the Industrial Revolution caused a dramatic change in the way European societies functioned. These changes in society caused by the Industrial Revolution initiated an unprecedented growth rate of the European middle class, which led to a sharpRead More The European Expansion and its Effects on the World Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pages403) The European scientific revolution was fueled by the blending of â€Å"liberal† and â€Å"s ervile† arts, in other words, science and technology. Because of the European expansion taking place throughout the world, new commerce and industries were advancing, creating the need for new technology and science. The theories and inventions that Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton provided were the fist major advances during the scientific revolution, and perhaps were the most profound. The European expansionRead MoreEffects Of The Industrial Revolution Britain. The Industrial1599 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of the Industrial Revolution Britain The Industrial revolution began in the mid-1700 s in parts of Eastern England and Southern Scotland and probably would not have taken place without the dramatic enhancements in farming that began in the early 1700 s. The agricultural revolution started well before the Industrial Revolution but once mechanisation began the two revolutions became interlinked and worked hand in hand. As the historian, J.H. Clapham quantified, â€Å"even if the history of theRead MoreIndustrialization Of The Industrial Revolution999 Words   |  4 PagesThe industrial revolution facilitated the ability of the industrialized nation to dominate the neighbor through biota spread. The industrial revolution is related to the globalizing portmanteau biota becoming with increasing transportation technology. The force of dominance and colonization could be more efficiently exercised. Industrial revolution is the turning point to the new method of manufacturing in the 18th and 19th century. The changeover are going from hand production to machine productionRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution in Europe1217 Words   |  5 PagesConcepts like partnerships and selling shares were introduced during this time period. The process of the Industrial Revolution was rapid in Western Europe however, by the 1900 all of Europe was involved. Over all, the effects of the revolution changed the way materials are transported, how products are made, on a global basis.The Industrial Revolution was a critical turning point in European history because the changes made are integral in the modern age. The inventions made expanded the global marketRead MoreThe Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Western Society1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on Western society and the effects were numerous and mainly positive. The Industrial Revolution bega n in England in the 1790’s and spread throughout Europe and eventually to America. The extensive effects of the Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of daily life and human society in some way. During this time period, widespread transportation such as railroads became available and important for the movement of goods and people. AlsoRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Europe945 Words   |  4 Pagesanalysis of European history will reveal a constant theme of revolutions and counterrevolutions across space and time that have shaped the very foundations of societies across the expanse of the continent. Furthermore, these revolutions occurred in many different spheres of daily life. For instance, some revolutions featured prolonged periods of violent political upheaval while others featured a more subtle revolution, changing the very social fabric of Europe. In addition, some revolutions centeredRead MoreIndustrialization : The Industrialization Of America Essa y1650 Words   |  7 Pageshowever, that has not always been the case. Before America became the industrial dynamo that is today, there were multiple other countries that it had to compete against such as China, England, Japan, and Germany. While each of these countries prospered at some point throughout their technological history, America was able to learn ways to adapt in order to compete against each and every one of them. The Industrial Revolution has contributed to America in a number of ways. It has contributed to theRead MoreAssess the Impact of the Industrial Revolution in England on the Atlantic World1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe industrial revolution according to Neil Tonge in his historical account ‘challenging history- industrialization and society 1700 – 1914,’ can be classified as a change in industrial technology, organization of labourers, transport, and finance and business operation. In ‘A history of the western society, fourth edition, ’ referred to it as the total change from agrarian society to a mechanized or complex society. The impact of the revolution on England and the entire Atlantic world was immenseRead MoreThe Rise Of The Industrial Revolution1464 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses,† said Henry Ford. The Industrial Revolution was a stage in the evolution of human society in which a lot of change was effected, not only because of all the new technology being invented, but in the structure of society. As people started to stand up for their rights and rejecting the long-standing institution of wealth determining status, the Old Regime had to adapt. France’s Constitution of 1791 had one law that classified

Stalin And The Soviet Union - 872 Words

(2)Stalin period was a significant period that his leadership had led the Soviet Union to develop in a very different way that contradicted to the thoughts of Lenin and Marx. Suny argued that Stalin constituted a â€Å"revolution from above,† which meant Stalin as a leader, led the people to make lots of changes by giving orders from the top of the hierarchy. The people were following him instead of initiating the changes and reforms. The industrialization, collectivization, and cultural conservatism (or cultural revolution, which was a term later China borrowed and used in a similar way) were Stalin’s major policies or ideologies that presented his â€Å"revolution from above† and a discontinuity between him and former Communist leaders. In 1928, New Economic Policy was abolished by Stalin. This move meant that Stalin was ready to start to build his system in the Soviet Union. During the same year, he adopted the First Five Year Plan, which was a generalized plan for the development of the whole state, to substitute NEP. This plan put an emphasis on heavy industry that actually helped him to gain support from the people. The workers were willing to support him since the plan provided millions of jobs. The economy recovered quickly since the industries could drive the economy to run. Suny mentioned that Stalin also linked the need to industrialize rapidly with the dangers that the USSR faced from the great capitalist and imperialist powers. He saw the need, and thus he set up theShow MoreRelatedStalin And The Soviet Union1336 Words   |  6 Pages Joseph Stalin the prominent leader of the Soviet Union had a vision to transform the Soviet Union into an industrialized economy. Through the works of Stalin he implemented â€Å"The Five Year Plan† which included methods and goals that were very important in the arrival of his goal. Though, hard labor, terror, struggle, and work was put on the peasants and kulak class that was key in Stalin’s plans to achieve a Communist society. Through the utilization of terror and repression, Stalin’s Five Year PlanRead MoreStalin And The Soviet Union1700 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Joseph Stalin came into power the Soviet Union was a large and under developed country. Mostly agriculture, a high producer of grain but without industry. Only the capital Moscow had started to industrialize but in a very centralized area in small and slow steps. The Russian people had just been through World War 1, two revolutions in 1917, civil war and famine by the time Stalin took the reigns of the country. All which had massive impacts on the state of the economy. Stalin saw Russia as weakRead MoreStalin And The Soviet Union1796 Words   |  8 PagesJoseph Stalin (1878 – 1953) was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Soviet Union from 1929 to 1953. In the eyes of many, Stalin’s rule was a time of terror and suffering. Stalin ruled by fear. Anybody that showed the slightest sign of objection or rebellion against Stalin could be sent away to the Gulags without ever returning. As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin stopped at nothing to transform his country from a rural society that functioned with outdated and poor toolsRead MoreStalin And The Soviet Union1564 Words   |  7 PagesWith the arrival of the second half of the 20th century, came the death of Stalin and a new age for not only Russia but the entirety of the Eastern Block as well. Russia, as always, stood in the face of adversity and, instead of crumbling, began to develop a nd progress in leaps and bounds. In the span of a mere 50 or so years Russia went from one political, social, and economic standing, (Stalinism) to its exact obverse. Despite the obvious changes a switch like this requires there are still someRead MoreStalin s The Soviet Union900 Words   |  4 Pages Stalin’s â€Å"revolution from above† reshaped the Soviet Union through his many policies including his Five Year Plans, industrialization and collectivization. The Soviet Union was transformed from technologically backward to industrialized. Carter’s view that history is driven from above or from below relates to Fitzpatrick and Bailes’ essays because they show that Stalin’s policies to create a new elite were prompted by the social mobility of the working class. The education of the working classRead MoreThe Soviet Union Under Stalin876 Words   |  4 Pagesfall of totalitarian regimes in the Caucasus countries. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) forms the basis of this analysis because the renowned Soviet Union under Stalin played a crucial role in coining the term â€Å"Caucasus states†. In essence, these were countries in between Europe and Asia that were more of colonized by the Russian Empire. Later, during the Communist era they paid extreme and mandatory allegiance to Stalin and other. In this regard, Stalinism became a movement to reckonRead MoreJoseph Stalin And The Soviet Union2106 Words   |  9 Pagesgreat ally leader of World War II, Joseph Stalin, had committed even greater atrocities than Hitler. Joseph Stalin was a ruthless and yet diligent dictator of the Soviet Union, whose rise to power influenced a multitude of major events in his country’s history. Due to Stalin’s impactful reign, he made the Soviet Union become a global superpower, underwent difficult hardships such as the Great Famine in the Soviet Union, and after his death, caused th e Soviet Union to go through a process known as de-StalinizationRead MoreStalin And Stalin s Theory Of The Soviet Union2062 Words   |  9 Pagesgrade academy 2015-2016 History introduction This essay is about hitler and stalin we make clear what they think of differents terms of ideas they had and make sure if they have the same answers or difference and then we compare what they think about they differents mains. Stalin and Hitler essay: Political ideology(2): Stalin s ideology is interesting and not as clear cut as many people think. In theory, Stalin was a communist, but he was not a communist along the same lines as Marx or LeninRead MoreJoseph Stalin : The Dictator Of The Soviet Union Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Stalin was a former general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist party of the Soviet Union. Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1929 to 1953. His Red Army helped defeat Nazi Germany during WWII. On December 18th, 1879, in the Russian peasant village of Gori, Georgia, Joseph Stalin was born. His full birthname was Josef Vissarionovich Djugashvili. He died on March 5th, 1953 in Kuntsevo Dacha. Joseph was buried in the Kremlin Wall NecropolisRead MoreStalin s Leader Of The Soviet Union Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin was born 18 December 1878 in Gori, Georgia and died 5 March 1953. Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union for over two decades. He was trying to modernize Russia and help to defeat Nazism. Stalin ruled up until his own death in 1953. He was known as a brutal leader who was responsible for the deaths of over 20 million people. Stalin s parents were poor and he had a rough childhood. He later went to become a priest in a Georgian Orthodox Church, but, he was expelled

Spiral Dynamics - The Various Leadership Theories

Question: Describe about the Leadership for Spiral Dynamics. Answer: Introduction Leadership is the act or action of leading a group or groups of people in an organization towards a particular goal. A leader is someone who assumes the position to lead the people to the required objectives. Leadership is most effective when there are people to drive, in this case, a team of people who will be geared into the same direction, staff (people who are willing to work with the organization towards achieving its objectives and are responsible to the people assigned to them(Beck and Cowan, 2014). Staff should be ready to work without being followed up thus showing commitment to their responsibilities and should be proactive. However being a leader is not the same as being an effective leader. An effective leader is one who leads by example, and other people tend to follow because they believe that they are doing the right thing. All leaders should strive towards being effective leaders and not just leaders(Best, 2014). The case of Gerald GichuruWanderi Mr. Gerald GichuruWanderi is a business entrepreneur with a chain of stores in the grocery and agriculture industries in Kenya. He is an entrepreneur who has conquered the agriculture industry providing solutions to agricultural products such as cabbages, tomatoes, carrots, watermelons, onions, paw paws, French beans, eggplant, and broccoli among other horticultural products(By, Hughes and Ford, 2016). With his products, he has been able to use agencies to export them to other countries thus providing solutions to many. Through his Wanderi farm produce company he has been conquering the vast industry. His unique characteristics which are his open-mindedness, his risk taking and tolerance attitudes, his persuasiveness, his versatility to provide support to his staff, his decisiveness among other features have enabled him to thrive in the business(Chhokar et al. 2013). Mr. Wanderi is a model of success to many as he started out as a hawker hawking sweets, biscuits, juice(s) such as afia, soda, water among other products in Karatina, Nyeri County Kenya. With his small savings, he, later on, moved out to Nairobi to seek for greener pastures. He started a small grocery shop. With help from his wife and two children, they managed to run the business for a whole year after which he expanded the business to contain butchery, grocery store, and a small hotel. Due to its business being a proprietor type of business he was able to employ the services of his family(Curlee and Gordon, 2013). He was later on forced to hire three people to help out with the work. Mr. Wanderi was very enthusiastic and was highly motivated. He moved on to join SACCOS and other tertiary financial institutions where he secured loans to continue his developments. With his loans, he went on to purchase a piece of land in his rural area Karatina where he began farming projects as his family continued with their Nairobi business. He began producing products such as watermelons and onions which he used to sell to the market(Day, 2014). He later on went on to lease out pieces of land to continue with his farming. With many pieces of land, he had to increase his manpower thus his staff increased. He motivated his employees to work hard explaining to them his rise to the success level he was in and that it is possible to go to extreme success levels(Dinh et al. 2014). With his farming skills, he employed techniques such as grafting, constructed greenhouses, used drip irrigation and created his water sources such as boreholes for farming instead of relying on rainwater and other sources of water that are unreliable and not readily available(Fairhurst and Connaughton, 2014). He went on to seek the expertise of agricultural officers and after his produce sale, he employed his agricultural officers who were readily available to inspect the progress of the crops. With tim e, he increased his agricultural product range to not only watermelons and onions but also cabbages, tomatoes, carrots, paw paws, French beans, eggplant, and broccoli. The favorable conditions for farming in the area enabled Mr. Wanderi to increase his range of products. In due time, he managed to know people who export their green produce and formed alliances with them. He developed a packing franchise in his main offices to pack his produce and later ship it. He managed to increase his staff number from initially three to five hundred including the farmers, drivers and their touts, agricultural officers among other relevant staff. He closed down his wifes proprietor and opened up a supermarket for her increasing the team number whowere all well remunerated accordingly. The couple used to encourage everyone from their humble beginnings to their current state. With entrepreneurship being the only ship that the family could sail in, they managed to grab all opportunities that were coming their way. They seized them and all challenges that they were coming across they used them as stepping stones and faced them in full regalia. His success enabled him to create a company dealing in horticultural products and horticultural problems educating the innocent young farmers who would want to join the industry on how to start and grow in the business. Hawkers who heard and learned of his success story were well motivated not to look down on their jobs and respected the Kenyan phrase kazinikazi. An evaluation of the leader by referring to concepts theories Based on the various leadership theories which are; Great Man Theory. This theory was existent in the 19th Century and argued that only a man could lead. It further on goes to state that great leaders are born and are not made. It, later on, explains that given tough and tight situations, great leaders will rise due to the harsh conditions. Trait Theory. This theory, unlike the great man theory, goes on to argue out that people are born with the features that enable them to lead others either born or are made with certain qualities that will make them excel in their leadership roles. The qualities may be intelligence, a good sense of direction and responsibility, creativity and other virtues that a good leader should possess. The trait theory focused on analyzing mental, physical and social characteristics to gain more knowledge of what is the attributes or the combination of features that are common among leaders. This theory, however, has many shortfalls. Behavioral Theory. This theory is of the opinion that there are two types or categories of leaders who are those concerned with the people and those involved with the tasks. It further on goes to state that leaders are made and not born. Contingency Theory. This theory argues that there is no central way of leadership and that leadership is as a result of certain situations and further on goes to state that certain people perform at their maximum level in some locations but minimal performance level when taken out of the situation(Goethals et al. 2014). Transactional Leadership Theories/exchange theories of leadership. This theory is characterized by a transaction made or carried out between the leader and followers. The relationship between the two is positive and mutual. For the leadership to be successful, the leader must find a way to remunerate his follower Transformational Leadership Theories. States that through individual interaction with other people, he or she can create a relationship that later on results in trust. It is argued that the leadership theories are categorized by the aspect to which defines the leader the most. A leader can be evaluated by: Is or her delegation of authority along with the responsibility to hisher people. In our instance, Mr. Wanderi was delegating responsibility by expertise. If one has special skills or talent on handling a certain task such as management, Mr. Wanderi was allocating managerial tasks to them such as administration of the farm, etc(Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee, 2013). If the leader were to walk away from the organization, how would the team's effectiveness and resultsbe impacted? A practical example is Steve Jobs who was an American information technology entrepreneur who was the co-founder, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and majority shareholder of Pixar Animation Studios and was forced out of Apple in 1985 following a long power struggle. The story illustrated shows how his absence affected the overall organizations results. If the leaders were true to his leadership and entrepreneurial responsibilities walking away from a better course would change him. For Steve, he walking out of a company that he had started and seen it rise from ashes to a multi-million dollar project was devastating for him. It made him feel like he had let his generation of entrepreneurs down having dropped the baton on them as it was passed to him but this walking away later turned out to be a game changer in his career. He came up with NeXT and PIXAR Animation Studio s(Hirst et al. 2015). His or her ability to foster the effectiveness of others. In the example of Steve, according to William Simon, co-author of iCon; illustrates that Steve Jobs was so great since he demanded so much out of an individual that made them achieve the targets put before them. He believed that being polite and gentle never produced the results that he required. His or her approach to coaching or mentoring others. For Mr. Wanderi he has a positive mindset on mentoring and mentorship and that anyone can make it provided, they put the correct mindset and have the drive to chase their dreams(Hoyt, Price and Poatsy, 2013). If in the start of a project, the leader gives a clear picture of the desired outcome or he or she is likely to change the picture along the way. Effective leadership requires that the leader has clarity on what he or she wants for his or her organizations regarding starting new or continuing old projects. His or her general expectations of others. For Mr. Wanderi he expects the best and is very demanding on other people. He expects people to be proactive and does not encourage supervision of individuals, but he is of the opinion if you are doing something give it your all which is a hundred percent. Leaders track records of success and achieving great results measured by the organization and group performance. Using the example of Steve, with Steve Wozniak, they sold Apple II which was a successful mass-produced personal computer thus success to them. Steves success in computer revolution enabled him to become an icon at a very tender age(Landis, Hill and Harvey, 2014). The general view of the leader. i.e. on a scale of one to ten how would you rate the manager regarding his or her products etc. are his products customer oriented does products solve vast problems that are existent in the world. For a leader to have a ten out of ten, this would mean that his products can address the current challenges that are existent in the world(Lozano et al. 2013). Values and qualities that the leader holds high with the people he or she hires in his or her organization. Some of the values can be innovativeness, thinking different, etc. these two values are two among the values that Steve Jobs held high. In our case, Mr. Wanderi encourages innovativeness of his staff. H trains his staff on his requirements among other things. Finally, a leader can be evaluated by the values that are close or relevant to his or her professional life. In a similar situation, this is a discussion of how you would do it differently. Being in the shoes and position of Mr. Wanderi, having staff under my control and people that I have given the authority to inspect the farms for me and ensure everything is running smoothly, this includes when I am there or not. I would lead my organization in a different way by first enhancing corporate social responsibility such as donating books, writing materials, cleaning the environment being the chieftain showing the people how to do it e.g. slashing the grass, visiting the old and sick in the hospital. In a case of job vacancies, I would encourage the people that I have put in charge of employment to sought out after the local communities around the area, etc. Again being the leader, I would encourage innovativeness of the staff i.e. for every staff that comes up with an innovative idea towards the company that is practicable there is a reward or each and every one of them. I would also build the infrastructure around that area i.e. roads, light along the highways and streets, construct stage shades that have seats where people are waiting for matatus will seat instead of having to stand. I would also employ the services of other competing businesses staff that have moved out from previous heir companies to seek out after greener pastures. With their skills and past experiences with our competitors, it will be possible to learn from our competitor's techniques. Thus we will be able to devise a method of competing with them having known a little about them from an inside source(Shapira, 2014). Conclusion Despite all this, I would still go ahead to create seminars by networking with other large-scale exports and companies offshore to educate people on smart farming. By doing this, it will enable them to learn ideas that will help them in their farming. I would again go on to talk about banks and other tertiary financial institutions to create platforms for educating the young farmers on how to get funding. For Kenya, with the new bill that was signed recently by the president of banking i.e. the new law regarding bank loan interest rates I would encourage the locals to take loans to boost their produce. Again, I would merge with others and create marketing platforms for the farmers who lack platforms to market and sell their agricultural products. With help from the government i.e. The Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, I would form alliances with other countries to conduct free soil sampling for the farmers to enable them to get knowledge on the different soil types tha t they have and the various horticultural products that can do well with their soil samples(Ulrich, Zenger and Smallwood, 2013). These problems can be collectively solved by the partnering countries university students who study for agriculture and agriculture-related courses thus giving the students exposure thus also promoting the education system in the respective countries. With this in mind, quality education will be provided to the students and quality crops will be cultivated(Waddock, 2015). Recommendation Given being the leader, I would create public awareness on these horticultural products by producing brochures which will be circulated by the Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries and other institutions that deal with agricultural produce.To those who know about the products and dont know about their health benefits through the mass media such as television stations and radio stations(Wu, 2013). I would encourage shows to be conducted concerning their health benefits and a healthy living thus a healthy nation which will enable a country's citizens to be strong for them to carry out their respective tasks(Zaccaro, 2014). Finally, as the Chief Executive Officer of my organization, I would conduct sponsorship programs for needy and bright students who lack the resources for their education yet are bright. Having done this, I will have made a child's future bright as a candle loses nothing by lighting another candle(Ziek, 2014). Reference list Beck, D.E. and Cowan, C., 2014. Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change. John Wiley Sons. Best, j., 2014. Governing failure: provisional expertise and the transformation of global development finance. S.l.:cambridge university press. By, R.T., Hughes, M. and Ford, J., 2016. Change leadership: Oxymoron and myths. Journal of Change Management, 16(1), pp.8-17. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013. Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Curlee, W. and Gordon, R.L., 2013. Successful Program Management: Complexity Theory, Communication, and Leadership. CRC Press. Day, D. ed., 2014. The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations. Oxford University Press. Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C. and Hu, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), pp.36-62. Fairhurst, G.T. and Connaughton, S.L., 2014. Leadership: A communicative perspective. Leadership, 10(1), pp.7-35. Goethals, G., Allison, S., Kramer, R. and Messick, D. eds., 2014. Conceptions of leadership: Enduring ideas and emerging insights. Springer. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A., 2013. Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Hirst, G., Walumbwa, F., Aryee, S., Butarbutar, I. and Chen, C.J.H., 2015. A multi-level investigation of authentic leadership as an antecedent of helping behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-15. Hoyt, C.L., Price, T.L. and Poatsy, L., 2013. The social role theory of unethical leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(5), pp.712-723. Landis, E.A., Hill, D. and Harvey, M.R., 2014. A synthesis of leadership theories and styles. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 15(2), p.97. Lozano, R., Lukman, R., Lozano, F.J., Huisingh, D. and Lambrechts, W., 2013. Declarations for sustainability in higher education: becoming better leaders, through addressing the university system. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, pp.10-19. Shapira, R., 2014. Theory and Practice in Transformational and Charismatic Leadership Research and Leaders Tenures. Available at SSRN 2644737. Ulrich, D., Zenger, J. and Smallwood, N., 2013. Results-based leadership. Harvard Business Press. Waddock, S., 2015. Reflections: Intellectual Shamans, Sensemaking, and Memes in Large System Change. Journal of Change Management, 15(4), pp.259-273. Wu, B., 2013. New Theory on Leadership Management Science. Chartridge Books Oxford. Zaccaro, S.J., 2014. 2 Leadership Memes: From Ancient History and Literature to Twenty-First Century Theory and Research. The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations, p.13. Ziek, P., 2014, January. Leadership communication competency: A practice of design. In P. Dover and S. Hariharan eds., Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance (pp. 317-322). Wellesley, MA: Babson College.